Table 1 Characteristics of included randomized controlled trials
Trial | ELIXA | LEADER | SUSTAIN 6 | EXSCEL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2016 | 2017 |
No. of patients | 6068 | 9340 | 3297 | 14,752 |
No. of countries | 49 | 32 | 20 | 35 |
No. of study sites | NA | 310 | 230 | 687 |
Median duration of follow-up, years | 2.1 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 3.2 |
Median duration of exposure to treatment, years | 1.9 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 2.4 |
GLP1R agonist | Lixisenatide | Liraglutide | Semaglutide | Exenatide |
Control | Placebo | Placebo | Placebo | Placebo |
Age, years | 60.3 | 64.3 | 64.6 | 56.0 |
Male, % | 69.3 | 64.3 | 60.7 | 62.0 |
Diabetes duration, years | 9.3 | 12.7 | 13.9 | 12.0 |
Body mass index | 30.2 | 32.5 | 32.8 | 31.7 |
Current smoking, % | 11.7 | NA | NA | 11.6 |
HbA1c, % | 7.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.0 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129 ± 17 | 135.9 ± 17.8 | 135.6 ± 17.2 | NA |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | NA | 77.2 ± 10.3 | 77.0 ± 10.0 | NA |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 78.8 ± 35.4 | NA | 82.3 ± 45.6 | NA |
History of cardiovascular disease | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hypertension, % | 76.4 | NA | 92.8 | NA |
Coronary artery disease, % | 100 | 81.4 | 60.4 | 52.9 |
Heart failure, % | 22.4 | 17.9 | 24.3 | 16.6 |
Stroke, % | 5.5 | NA | 12.4 | 17.3 |
Peripheral arterial disease, % | 7.7 | NA | NA | 18.9 |
Chronic kidney disease, % | 23.2 | 24.7 | 28.5 | 21.7 |
Diabetes medications | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Insulin, % | 39.1 | 44.6 | 58.0 | 46.4 |
Metformin, % | 66.3 | 76.4 | 73.2 | 76.8 |
Sulfonylureas, % | 33.2 | 50.5 | 42.8 | 36.6 |
Thiazolidinediones, % | 1.6 | 6.2 | 2.3 | 3.9 |
DPP-4 inhibitor, % | NA | < 0.1 | 0.2 | 15.0 |
Cardiovascular Medications | Â | Â | Â | Â |
ACEI or ARB, % | 85.0 | 82.8 | 83.5 | 80.0 |
Statin, % | 92.7 | 72.1 | 72.8 | 73.5 |
Anti-thrombotic, % | 97.5 | 74.3 | 76.3 | 73.6 |
Beta-blocker, % | 84.5 | 55.4 | 57.4 | 55.8 |
Aldosterone antagonists, % | NA | 5.4 | 5.9 | 6.2 |
NCT No. | NCT01147250 | NCT01179048 | NCT01720446 | NCT02098395 |