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Fig. 4 | BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology

Fig. 4

From: Methylxanthines induce structural and functional alterations of the cardiac system in zebrafish embryos

Fig. 4

Structural alteration of the heart at 48 hpf. a Percentage of embryos with structural cardiac abnormality at 48 hpf after microinjection with eight methylxanthines at 1-2 cell stage. Embryos injected with DCA were the positive controls. At least 100 embryos were injected for each drug and the results are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. b Representative picture of normal heart morphology from lateral view. c and (d) Representative pictures of grade 2 cardiac abnormality observed in methylxanthine treated zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf. Both atrium and ventricle are compressed and not well defined between chambers (b) or atrium and ventricle are severely enlarged, misshaped and not well defined (c). A- Atrium; V-Ventricle

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